Infectious complications
Infectious complications are associated with the human origin of certain blood products used in the treatment of hemophilia B. In the past, viral transmission (HIV, hepatitis B and C) was a major complication of hemophilia B therapy, but since the introduction of effective viral inactivation processes towards the end of the 1980s, this risk has become minimal.
Immunological complications
Immunological complications are due to immunization of patients undergoing treatment with factor IX concentrates. The resulting antibodies neutralize factor IX and render it ineffective within minutes. In one third of patients, these antibodies are transient and disappear within several days to weeks, whereas in others they subsist at varying levels. The presence of antibodies directed against factor IX may require the use of alternative therapeutic solutions.
These antibodies are present in between 1 and 3% of patients with hemophilia B.
In children, screening for these inhibitory antibodies should be carried out every 3 to 12 months or every 10 to 20 days during exposure, whichever is first. In adults, screening depends on clinical requirements.
Osteoarticular complications
Osteoarticular complications result from the high frequency of hemarthrosis and cause gradual loss of function as well as mechanical and inflammatory pain. Such lesions can occur very early and may be seen in children.
50% of hemophilia B patients with an inhibitor may present serious allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock on administration of factor IX.